During the Tokugawa Period the Title of the Head of a Ruling Samurai Family Was

1603–1868 Japanese military regime

Tokugawa shogunate 徳川幕府 Tokugawa bakufu
1603–1868
Keepsake
Capital letter	Edo (Shōgun's residence) Heian-kyō (Emperor's palace)
Largest city	Osaka (1600–1613) Heian-kyō (1613–1638) Edo (1638–1867)
Common languages	Early on Modern Japanese[1] Modernistic Japanese[i]
Religion	Shinto Shinbutsu-shūgō[2] Japanese Buddhism[3] Christianity[4]
Government	Feudal[5] dynastic[6] hereditary military dictatorship[7] [8]
Emperor
• 1600–1611 (first)	Go-Yōzei[9]
• 1867–1868 (last)	Meiji[10]
Shōgun
• 1603–1605 (offset) [xi]	Tokugawa Ieyasu
• 1866–1868 (concluding)	Tokugawa Yoshinobu
Historical era	Edo catamenia
•Boxing of Sekigahara	21 October 1600[12]
• Siege of Osaka	8 November 1614
• Sakoku Edict of 1635	1635
• Kanagawa Treaty	31 March 1854
• Harris Treaty	29 July 1858
• Meiji Restoration	three Jan 1868[thirteen]
Currency	The tri-metallic Tokugawa coinage system based on copper Monday, silver Bu and Shu, also as gold Ryō.
Preceded past Succeeded past Azuchi–Momoyama period Tokugawa clan Empire of Nippon Ezo Republic
Today part of	Nihon

The Tokugawa shogunate (,^[xiv] Japanese 徳川幕府 Tokugawa bakufu), also known as the Edo shogunate ( 江戸幕府 , Edo bakufu ), was the military regime of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868.^{[15] [sixteen] [17]}

The Tokugawa shogunate was established by Tokugawa Ieyasu after victory at the Battle of Sekigahara, ending the civil wars of the Sengoku period following the collapse of the Ashikaga shogunate. Ieyasu became the shōgun, and the Tokugawa clan governed Nippon from Edo Castle in the eastern city of Edo (Tokyo) forth with the daimyō lords of the samurai class.^{[18] [xix] [16]} The Tokugawa shogunate organized Japanese society under the strict Tokugawa class organisation and banned most foreigners under the neutralist policies of Sakoku to promote political stability. The Tokugawa shoguns governed Japan in a feudal arrangement, with each daimyō administering a han (feudal domain), although the state was still nominally organized as imperial provinces. Nether the Tokugawa shogunate, Nippon experienced rapid economical growth and urbanization, which led to the rise of the merchant class and Ukiyo culture.

The Tokugawa shogunate declined during the Bakumatsu ("final human activity of the shogunate") catamenia from 1853 and was overthrown by supporters of the Imperial Court in the Meiji Restoration in 1868. The Empire of Japan was established under the Meiji government, and Tokugawa loyalists connected to fight in the Boshin War until the defeat of the Republic of Ezo at the Battle of Hakodate in June 1869.

History [edit]

Following the Sengoku flow ("warring states menstruum"), the central government had been largely re-established by Oda Nobunaga during the Azuchi–Momoyama period. Subsequently the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, central authority fell to Tokugawa Ieyasu.^[15] While many daimyos who fought against Tokugawa Ieyasu were extinguished or had their holdings reduced, Ieyasu was committed to retaining the daimyos and the han (domains) as components nether his new shogunate.^[22] Indeed, daimyos who sided with Ieyasu were rewarded, and some of Ieyasu'south onetime vassals were made daimyos and were located strategically throughout the state.^[22]

Society in the Tokugawa period, unlike in previous shogunates, was supposedly based on the strict grade hierarchy originally established past Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The daimyō (lords) were at the top, followed by the warrior-caste of samurai, with the farmers, artisans, and traders ranking below. In some parts of the country, especially smaller regions, daimyō and samurai were more than or less identical, since daimyō might be trained as samurai, and samurai might act as local rulers. Otherwise, the largely inflexible nature of this social stratification system unleashed disruptive forces over time. Taxes on the peasantry were set at fixed amounts that did non account for inflation or other changes in monetary value. As a issue, the tax revenues nerveless by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over fourth dimension. This oft led to numerous confrontations between noble simply impoverished samurai and well-to-practise peasants, ranging from simple local disturbances to much larger rebellions. None, yet, proved compelling enough to seriously challenge the established order until the arrival of foreign powers.^{[ citation needed ]} A 2017 study found that peasant rebellions and collective desertion ("flight") lowered revenue enhancement rates and inhibited state growth in the Tokugawa shogunate.^[23]

In the mid-19th century, an alliance of several of the more powerful daimyō, along with the titular Emperor of Japan, succeeded in overthrowing the shogunate afterward the Boshin State of war, culminating in the Meiji Restoration. The Tokugawa shogunate came to an official terminate in 1868 with the resignation of the 15th Tokugawa shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, leading to the "restoration" (王政復古, Ōsei fukko) of imperial rule. Nonetheless its eventual overthrow in favour of the more modernized, less feudal form of governance of the Meiji Restoration, the Tokugawa shogunate oversaw the longest catamenia of peace and stability in Nippon's history, lasting well over 260 years.^{[ citation needed ]}

Government [edit]

Shogunate and domains [edit]

The bakuhan system (bakuhan taisei 幕藩体制 ) was the feudal political organization in the Edo period of Japan.^[five] Baku is an abridgement of bakufu, meaning "military machine government"—that is, the shogunate. The han were the domains headed by daimyō.^[five] Offset from Ieyasu'southward date equally shogun in 1603, but especially after the Tokugawa victory in Osaka in 1615, various policies were implemented to assert the shogunate'southward control, which severely curtailed the daimyos' independence.^[22] The number of daimyos varied just stabilized at around 270.^[22]

The bakuhan system split feudal power between the shogunate in Edo and the daimyōs with domains throughout Japan.^[24] The shōgun and lords were all daimyōs: feudal lords with their own bureaucracies, policies, and territories.^[24] Provinces had a degree of sovereignty and were immune an independent administration of the han in exchange for loyalty to the shōgun, who was responsible for foreign relations, national security,^[24] coinage, weights and measures, and transportation.^[22]

The shōgun also administered the most powerful han, the hereditary fief of the Business firm of Tokugawa, which also included many gold and silver mines.^[24] Towards the cease of the shogunate, the Tokugawa clan held around vii million koku of land (天領 tenryō), including ii.6–2.7 meg koku held by direct vassals, out of 30 million in the state.^[25] The other 23 million koku were held by other daimyos.^[25]

The number of han (roughly 270) fluctuated throughout the Edo flow.^[26] They were ranked by size, which was measured as the number of koku of rice that the domain produced each year.^[25] One koku was the amount of rice necessary to feed i adult male person for one yr. The minimum number for a daimyō was 10 g koku;^[26] the largest, autonomously from the shōgun, was more than a million koku.^[25]

Policies to control the daimyos [edit]

The primary policies of the shogunate on the daimyos included:

• The principle that each daimyo (including those who were previously independent of the Tokugawa family) submitted to the shogunate, and each han required the shogunate'due south recognition and were subject to its land redistributions.^{[22] : 192–93} Daimyos swore fidelity to each shogun and best-selling the Laws for Warrior Houses, or buke shohatto.^[25]
• The sankin-kōtai (参勤交代 "alternating attendance") system, which required daimyos to travel to and reside in Edo every other year, and for their families to remain in Edo during their absence.
• The ikkoku ichijyō rei (一国一城令), which allowed each daimyo's han to retain only one fortification, at the daimyo's residence.^{[22] : 194}
• The Laws for the Military Houses (武家諸法度, buke shohatto), the first of which in 1615 forbade the building of new fortifications or repairing existing ones without bakufu blessing, admitting fugitives of the shogunate, and arranging marriages of the daimyos' families without official permission.^[22] Boosted rules on the samurai were issued over the years.^{[22] [25]}

Although the shogun issued sure laws, such as the buke shohatto on the daimyōs and the rest of the samurai class, each han administered its autonomous organization of laws and taxation.^[24] The shōgun did not interfere in a han'southward governance unless major incompetence (such as large rebellions) is shown, nor were central taxes issued.^[24] Instead, each han provided feudal duties, such as maintaining roads and official currier stations, building canals and harbors, providing troops, and relieving famines.^[24] Daimyōs were strategically placed to check each other, and the sankin-kōtai organization ensured that daimyōs or their family are e'er in Edo, observed past the shogun.^[24]

The shogunate had the power to discard, addendum, and transform domains, although they were rarely and carefully exercised after the early years of the Shogunate, to forbid daimyōs from banding together.^[24] The sankin-kōtai organization of alternative residence required each daimyō to reside in alternating years betwixt the han and the court in Edo.^[24] During their absences from Edo, it was also required that they leave their family unit as hostages until their render. The hostages and the huge expenditure sankin-kōtai imposed on each han helped to ensure loyalty to the shōgun.^[24] By 1690s, the vast majority of daimyos would be born in Edo, and most would consider information technology their homes.^[22] Some daimyos had niggling interest in their domains and needed to exist begged to return "abode".^[22]

In return for the centralization, peace amidst the daimyos were maintained; different in the Sengoku menses, daimyos no longer worried most conflicts with one another.^[22] In addition, hereditary succession was guaranteed as internal usurpations within domains were non recognized by the shogunate.^[22]

Classification of daimyos [edit]

The Tokugawa clan further ensured loyalty past maintaining a dogmatic insistence on loyalty to the shōgun. Daimyos were classified into three main categories:^[25]

• Shinpan ("relatives" 親藩) were six clans established by sons of Ieyasu, as well as certain sons of the 8th and 9th shoguns, who were made daimyos.^[25] They would provide an heir to the shogunate if the shogun didn't have an heir.^[25]
• Fudai ("hereditary" 譜代) were by and large vassals of Ieyasu and the Tokugawa clan before the Battle of Sekigahara.^[25] They ruled their han (estate) and served every bit high officials in the shogunate, although their han tend to be smaller compared to the tozama domains.^[25]
• Tozama ("outsiders" 外様) were effectually 100 daimyos, about of whom became vassals of the Tokugawa clan afterwards the Battle of Sekigahara. Some fought against Tokugawa forces, although some were neutral were fifty-fifty fought on the side of the Tokugawa association, equally allies rather than vassals.^[25] The tozama daimyos tend to have the largest han, with 11 of the 16 largest daimyos in this category.^[25]

The tozama daimyos who fought against the Tokugawa clan in the Boxing of Sekigahara had their estate reduced substantially.^[25] They were often placed in mountainous or far abroad areas, or placed between most trusted daimyos.^[25] Early in the Edo catamenia, the shogunate viewed the tozama as the least likely to be loyal; over fourth dimension, strategic marriages and the entrenchment of the system fabricated the tozama less likely to rebel. In the end, all the same, it was still the not bad tozama of Satsuma, Chōshū and Tosa, and to a lesser extent Hizen, that brought down the shogunate. These iv states are called the 4 Western Clans, or Satchotohi for short.^[26]

Relations with the Emperor [edit]

Regardless of the political championship of the Emperor, the shōguns of the Tokugawa family controlled Nippon.^[27] The shogunate secured a nominal grant of administration ( 体制 , taisei ) by the Regal Court in Kyoto to the Tokugawa family unit.^[26] While the Emperor officially had the prerogative of appointing the shōgun and received generous subsidies, he had almost no say in state diplomacy.^[24] The shogunate issued the Laws for the Imperial and Court Officials (kinchu narabini kuge shohatto 禁中並公家諸法度) to gear up out its relationship with the Imperial family and the kuge (imperial court officials), and specified that the Emperor should dedicate to scholarship and verse.^[28] The shogunate also appointed a liaison, the Kyoto Shoshidai (Shogun's Representative in Kyoto), to bargain with the Emperor, courtroom and nobility.

Towards the terminate of the shogunate, notwithstanding, after centuries of the Emperor having very little say in state diplomacy and being secluded in his Kyoto palace, and in the wake of the reigning shōgun, Tokugawa Iemochi, marrying the sister of Emperor Kōmei (r. 1846–1867), in 1862, the Imperial Court in Kyoto began to relish increased political influence.^[29] The Emperor would occasionally be consulted on diverse policies and the shogun even made a visit to Kyoto to visit the Emperor.^{[ citation needed ]} Authorities assistants would be formally returned from the shogun to the Emperor during the Meiji Restoration in 1868.

Shogun and foreign trade [edit]

Dutch trading mail in Dejima, c. 1805

Strange diplomacy and trade were monopolized by the shogunate, yielding a huge profit. Foreign trade was likewise permitted to the Satsuma and the Tsushima domains. Rice was the primary trading product of Nippon during this fourth dimension. Isolationism was the foreign policy of Japan and merchandise was strictly controlled. Merchants were outsiders to the social hierarchy of Japan and were thought to be greedy.

The visits of the Nanban ships from Portugal were at first the main vector of merchandise exchanges, followed by the addition of Dutch, English and sometimes Spanish ships.

From 1603 onward, Japan started to participate actively in strange trade. In 1615, an embassy and trade mission under Hasekura Tsunenaga was sent across the Pacific to Nueva España (New Kingdom of spain) on the Japanese-built galleon San Juan Bautista. Until 1635, the Shogun issued numerous permits for the so-chosen "red seal ships" destined for the Asian merchandise.

Later on 1635 and the introduction of Seclusion laws, inbound ships were but immune from Prc, Korea, and the Netherlands.

Shogun and Christianity [edit]

Christian prisoners in Edo, 17th century

Followers of Christianity first began appearing in Nippon during the 16th century. Oda Nobunaga embraced Christianity and the Western technology that was imported with it, such as the musket. He too saw it every bit a tool he could apply to suppress Buddhist forces.^[30]

Though Christianity was allowed to abound until the 1610s, Tokugawa Ieyasu soon began to run into it as a growing threat to the stability of the shogunate. Every bit Ōgosho ("Cloistered Shōgun"),^[31] he influenced the implementation of laws that banned the practice of Christianity. His successors followed adjust, compounding upon Ieyasu'south laws. The ban of Christianity is often linked with the creation of the Seclusion laws, or Sakoku, in the 1630s.^[32]

The Shogunate'due south income [edit]

The primary source of the shogunate'southward income was the tax (effectually 40%) levied on harvests in the Tokugawa clan'due south personal domains (tenryō).^[25] No taxes were levied on domains of daimyos, who instead provided military duty, public works and corvee.^[25] The shogunate obtained loans from merchants, which were sometimes seen every bit forced donations, although commerce was ofttimes not taxed.^[25] Special levies were also imposed for infrastructure-building.^[25]

Institutions of the shogunate [edit]

The personal vassals of the Tokugawa shoguns were classified into two groups:

• the bannermen (hatamoto 旗本) had the privilege to directly approach the shogun;^[25]
• the housemen (gokenin 御家人) did non have the privilege of the shogun'due south audition.^[25]

Past the early on 18th century, out of effectually 22,000 personal vassals, near would take received stipends rather than domains.^[25]

Rōjū and wakadoshiyori [edit]

The rōjū ( 老中 ) were unremarkably the most senior members of the shogunate.^[25] Normally, four or v men held the office, and ane was on duty for a month at a time on a rotating basis.^[25] They supervised the ōmetsuke (who checked on the daimyos), machi-bugyō (commissioners of authoritative and judicial functions in major cities, particularly Edo), ongoku bugyō [ja] (遠国奉行, the commissioners of other major cities and shogunate domains) and other officials, oversaw relations with the Imperial Court in Kyoto, kuge (members of the nobility), daimyō, Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines, and attended to matters like divisions of fiefs. Other bugyō (commissioners) in accuse of finances, monasteries and shrines besides reported to the rōjū.^[25] The roju conferred on especially of import matters. In the authoritative reforms of 1867 (Keiō Reforms), the office was eliminated in favor of a bureaucratic system with ministers for the interior, finance, foreign relations, army, and navy.

In principle, the requirements for appointment to the function of rōjū were to exist a fudai daimyō and to have a fief assessed at 50000 koku or more.^[25] However, in that location were exceptions to both criteria. Many appointees came from the offices shut to the shōgun, such as soba yōnin [ja] (側用人), Kyoto Shoshidai, and Osaka jōdai.

Irregularly, the shōguns appointed a rōjū to the position of tairō (great elder).^[25] The office was limited to members of the 2, Sakai, Doi, and Hotta clans, just Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu was given the status of tairō also. Among the about famous was 2 Naosuke, who was assassinated in 1860 exterior the Sakuradamon Gate of Edo Castle (Sakuradamon incident).

3 to v men titled the wakadoshiyori (若年寄) were adjacent in status below the rōjū.^[25] An outgrowth of the early on 6-man rokuninshū (六人衆, 1633–1649), the office took its name and final grade in 1662. Their primary responsibleness was management of the affairs of the hatamoto and gokenin, the direct vassals of the shōgun.^[25] Under the wakadoshiyori were the metsuke.

Some shōguns appointed a soba yōnin. This person acted every bit a liaison between the shōgun and the rōjū. The soba yōnin increased in importance during the time of the fifth shōgun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, when a wakadoshiyori, Inaba Masayasu, assassinated Hotta Masatoshi, the tairō. Fearing for his personal safety, Tsunayoshi moved the rōjū to a more than distant part of the castle. Some of the most famous soba yōnin were Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu and Tanuma Okitsugu.

Ōmetsuke and metsuke [edit]

The ōmetsuke and metsuke were officials who reported to the rōjū and wakadoshiyori.^[25] The five ōmetsuke were in charge of monitoring the diplomacy of the daimyōs, kuge and royal courtroom. They were in charge of discovering whatever threat of rebellion. Early in the Edo period, daimyōs such as Yagyū Munefuyu held the role. Soon, however, information technology barbarous to hatamoto with rankings of 5,000 koku or more. To give them authority in their dealings with daimyōs, they were often ranked at 10,000 koku and given the title of kami (an ancient title, typically signifying the governor of a province) such as Bizen-no-kami.

As time progressed, the office of the ōmetsuke evolved into one of passing orders from the shogunate to the daimyōs, and of administering to ceremonies within Edo Castle. They also took on additional responsibilities such every bit supervising religious affairs and controlling firearms. The metsuke, reporting to the wakadoshiyori, oversaw the diplomacy of the vassals of the shōgun.^[25] They were the police strength for the thousands of hatamoto and gokenin who were concentrated in Edo. Individual han had their own metsuke who similarly policed their samurai.

San-bugyō [edit]

The san-bugyō (三奉行 "three administrators") were the jisha, kanjō, and machi-bugyō, which respectively oversaw temples and shrines, accounting, and the cities. The jisha-bugyō had the highest status of the 3. They oversaw the administration of Buddhist temples (ji) and Shinto shrines (sha), many of which held fiefs. Also, they heard lawsuits from several land holdings outside the 8 Kantō provinces. The appointments normally went to daimyōs; Ōoka Tadasuke was an exception, though he later became a daimyō.^{[ commendation needed ]}

The kanjō-bugyō were side by side in status. The iv holders of this office reported to the rōjū. They were responsible for the finances of the shogunate.^[33]

The machi-bugyō were the chief urban center administrators of Edo and other cities. Their roles included mayor, chief of the law (and, later, also of the fire department), and guess in criminal and civil matters not involving samurai. Two (briefly, iii) men, normally hatamoto, held the function, and alternated past month.^[34]

Three Edo machi bugyō have become famous through jidaigeki (period films): Ōoka Tadasuke and Tōyama Kagemoto (Kinshirō) every bit heroes, and Torii Yōzō (ja:鳥居耀蔵) equally a villain.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Tenryō, gundai and daikan [edit]

The san-bugyō together sat on a council called the hyōjōsho (評定所). In this capacity, they were responsible for administering the tenryō (the shogun's estates), supervising the gundai (郡代), the daikan (代官) and the kura bugyō (蔵奉行), likewise as hearing cases involving samurai. The gundai managed Tokugawa domains with incomes greater than 10,000 koku while the daikan managed areas with incomes between 5,000 and 10,000 koku.

The shogun directly held lands in various parts of Nippon. These were known as shihaisho (支配所); since the Meiji period, the term tenryō (天領, literally "Emperor's land") has become synonymous, considering the shogun's lands were returned to the emperor.^[35] In add-on to the territory that Ieyasu held prior to the Battle of Sekigahara, this included lands he gained in that battle and lands gained as a upshot of the Summertime and Winter Sieges of Osaka. Major cities equally Nagasaki and Osaka, and mines, including the Sado gilt mine, also fell into this category.

Gaikoku bugyō [edit]

The gaikoku bugyō were administrators appointed between 1858 and 1868. They were charged with overseeing trade and diplomatic relations with foreign countries, and were based in the treaty ports of Nagasaki and Kanagawa (Yokohama).

Late Tokugawa shogunate (1853–1867) [edit]

The late Tokugawa shogunate (Japanese: 幕末 Bakumatsu) was the catamenia between 1853 and 1867, during which Japan ended its isolationist foreign policy chosen sakoku and modernized from a feudal shogunate to the Meiji government. It is at the terminate of the Edo period and preceded the Meiji era. The major ideological and political factions during this menstruation were divided into the pro-imperialist Ishin Shishi (nationalist patriots) and the shogunate forces, including the elite shinsengumi ("newly selected corps") swordsmen.

Although these two groups were the near visible powers, many other factions attempted to use the anarchy of the Bakumatsu era to seize personal power.^[36] Furthermore, there were two other primary driving forces for dissent; first, growing resentment of tozama daimyōs, and second, growing anti-Western sentiment following the arrival of a U.S. Navy fleet under the command of Matthew C. Perry (which led to the forced opening of Japan). The starting time related to those lords who had fought against Tokugawa forces at Sekigahara (in 1600) and had from that point on been exiled permanently from all powerful positions within the shogunate. The second was to be expressed in the phrase sonnō jōi ("revere the Emperor, miscarry the barbarians"). The end for the Bakumatsu was the Boshin War, notably the Battle of Toba–Fushimi, when pro-shogunate forces were defeated.^[37]

List of Tokugawa shōguns [edit]

#	Picture	Name (Born-Died)	Shōgun From	Shōgun Until
1		Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543–1616)	1603	1605
2		Tokugawa Hidetada (1579–1632)	1605	1623
3		Tokugawa Iemitsu (1604–1651)	1623	1651
4		Tokugawa Ietsuna (1641–1680)	1651	1680
five		Tokugawa Tsunayoshi (1646–1709)	1680	1709
half dozen		Tokugawa Ienobu (1662–1712)	1709	1712
7		Tokugawa Ietsugu (1709–1716)	1713	1716
8		Tokugawa Yoshimune (1684–1751)	1716	1745
9		Tokugawa Ieshige (1712–1761)	1745	1760
10		Tokugawa Ieharu (1737–1786)	1760	1786
eleven		Tokugawa Ienari (1773–1841)	1787	1837
12		Tokugawa Ieyoshi (1793–1853)	1837	1853
13		Tokugawa Iesada (1824–1858)	1853	1858
14		Tokugawa Iemochi (1846–1866)	1858	1866
15		Tokugawa Yoshinobu (1837–1913)	1866	1867

Family Tree [edit]

Over the grade of the Edo period, influential relatives of the shogun included:

• Tokugawa Mitsukuni of the Mito Domain^[38]
• Tokugawa Nariaki of the Mito Domain^[39]
• Tokugawa Mochiharu of the Hitotsubashi branch
• Tokugawa Munetake of the Tayasu branch.^[forty]
• Matsudaira Katamori of the Aizu branch.^[41]
• Matsudaira Sadanobu, born into the Tayasu branch, adopted into the Hisamatsu-Matsudaira of Shirakawa.^[42]

See also [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 江戸幕府.

• Keian uprising

Notes [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} Shibatani, Masayoshi. "Japanese linguistic communication | Origin, History, Grammar, & Writing". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
2. ^ Hirai, Naofusa. "Shinto § The encounter with Buddhism". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved June 15, 2021. Buddhistic Shintō was pop for several centuries and was influential until its extinction at the Meiji Restoration.
3. ^ Tucci, Giuseppe. "Buddhism - Korea and Japan". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved June fifteen, 2021.
4. ^ "Kirishitan | religion". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved June fifteen, 2021.
5. ^ ^{a b c} "Nippon - The bakuhan organisation". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2020-06-01 .
6. ^ "Japan § Introduction". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
7. ^ "Shogunate". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved October 21, 2020. The shogunate was the hereditary military dictatorship of Japan (1192–1867).
8. ^ "Tokugawa catamenia". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
9. ^ Emperor Go-Yōzei started reigning in 1586, later on the abdication of Emperor Ōgimachi.
10. ^ Emperor Meiji reigned until his death in 1912.
11. ^ "Tokugawa Ieyasu JapanVisitor Japan Travel Guide". Retrieved 2021-05-28 .
12. ^ "The Story of the Battle of Sekigahara". Retrieved 2021-05-28 .
13. ^ "meiji-restoration Tokugawa Period and Meiji Restoration". Retrieved 2021-05-28 .
14. ^ "Tokugawa". Lexico Uk English language Dictionary. Oxford University Printing. n.d.
15. ^ ^{a b} Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Tokugawa-jidai" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 978.
16. ^ ^{a b} Nussbaum, "Edo-jidai" at p. 167.
17. ^ Nussbaum, "Kinsei" at p. 525.
18. ^ Nussbaum, "Shogun" at pp. 878–879.
19. ^ Nussbaum, "Tokugawa" at p. 976.
20. ^ Thiébaud, Jean-Marie (2009). "Shogun - 16e-19e siècles". Dojo Miyamoto Musashi . Retrieved Aug 7, 2020.
21. ^ Tokitsu, Kenji (1998). Miyamoto Musashi: 17th century Japanese saber master: man and work, myth and reality; Miyamoto Musashi : maître de sabre japonais du XVIIe siècle : l'homme et l'œuvre, mythe et réalité. Editions désiris. pp. 289, 290. ISBN9782907653541. OCLC 41259596.
22. ^ ^{a b c d due east f thou h i j k fifty k} Hall, John Whitney, ed. (1988). The Cambridge history of Japan Vol. 4: Early Modern Japan. James 50. McClain. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-22352-0. OCLC 17483588.
23. ^ Paik, Christopher; Steele, Abbey; Tanaka, Seiki (2017). "Constraining the Samurai: Rebellion and Taxation in Early Modernistic Japan" (PDF). International Studies Quarterly. 61 (2): 352–370. doi:10.1093/isq/sqx008.
24. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j grand l} Perez, Louis K. (2009). The history of Nippon (second ed.). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Printing. ISBN978-0-313-36442-half-dozen. OCLC 277040931.
25. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae} Hane, Mikiso (2014). Premodern Japan : a historical survey. Perez, Louis One thousand. (2nd ed.). Boulder, CO. ISBN978-0-8133-4970-1. OCLC 895428280.
26. ^ ^{a b c d} Nussbaum, "Satchotohi", pp. 826–827.
27. ^ Jansen 2002, pp. 144–148.
28. ^ Lillehoj, Elizabeth (2011). Art and palace politics in early modern Japan, 1580s-1680s. Leiden: Brill. p. 88. ISBN978-90-04-21126-1. OCLC 833766152.
29. ^ Keene, Donald Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912 (2005, Columbia University Press) p. 62
30. ^ Chie Nakane and Shinzaburou Oishi (1990). Tokugawa Nippon – The Social and Economic Antecedents of Modern Japan. University of Tokyo Press. pp.12.
31. ^ Nussbaum, "Ogosho" at p. 738.
32. ^ Chie Nakane and Shinzaburou Oishi (1990). Tokugawa Japan: The Social and Economic Antecedents of Modern Nihon. Academy of Tokyo Press. pp.24–28.
33. ^ Nussbaum, "Kanjō bugyō" at p. 473.
34. ^ Perez, Louis Chiliad. (2019-09-19). Tokyo: Geography, History, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 23. ISBN978-ane-4408-6495-7.
35. ^ Nussbaum, "Tenryō", p. 961.
36. ^ Shinsengumi, The Shogun's Terminal Samurai Corps, Romulus, Hillsborough, Tuttle Publishing, 2005
37. ^ Ravina, Marker (2004).Concluding Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori. John Wiley & Sons, 2004
38. ^ Nussbaum, "Tokugawa Mitsukuni" at p. 979.
39. ^ Nussbaum, "Tokugawa Nariaki" at p. 979.
40. ^ Nussbaum, "Tayasu" at p. 954.
41. ^ Nussbaum, "Matsudaira Katamori" at p. 616.
42. ^ Nussbaum, "Matsudaira Sadanobu" at p. 617.

References [edit]

• Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard Academy Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 48943301

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . Japan: A land study. Federal Inquiry Partition.

Further reading [edit]

• Bolitho, Harold. (1974). Treasures Among Men: The Fudai Daimyo in Tokugawa Nihon. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-01655-0; OCLC 185685588
• Haga, Tōru, translated by Juliet Winters Carpenter. Pax Tokugawana: The Cultural Flowering of Japan, 1603–1853. Tokyo: Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture. ISBN 978-4-86658-148-4
• Totman, Conrad. The Plummet of the Tokugawa Bakufu, 1862–1868. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Printing, 1980.
• Totman, Conrad. Politics in the Tokugawa Bakufu, 1600–1843. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967.
• Waswo, Ann Modern Japanese Gild 1868–1994
• The Heart for East Asian Cultural Studies Meiji Japan Through Gimmicky Sources, Volume 2 1844–1882

External links [edit]

• Nippon
• Tokugawa Political System
• SengokuDaimyo.com The website of Samurai Author and Historian Anthony J. Bryant
• Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the Prc Seas and Nihon, by M.C. Perry, at archive.org

fisherporichines.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate

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